Cheat menu:
Enter CHEATONX as the password. Press Select while playing to get the Cheat menu.
Classic Asteroids:
Enter QRTREATR as the password.
Unlock the Excalibur ship:
Enter PROJECTX as the password.
Level passwords:
2 - SPACEVAC
3 - STARSBRN
4 - WORMSIGN
5 - INCOMING